Screening the general population has not been found to be effective. The disease is divided into stages, from early (stage I) to late (stage IV). Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by a combination of medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound or computed tomography, blood tests, and examination of tissue samples ( biopsy). About 25% of cases are linked to smoking, and 5–10% are linked to inherited genes. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes, and certain rare genetic conditions. Pancreatic cancer rarely occurs before the age of 40, and more than half of cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma occur in those over 70. By the time of diagnosis, pancreatic cancer has often spread to other parts of the body. Usually, no symptoms are seen in the disease's early stages, and symptoms that are specific enough to suggest pancreatic cancer typically do not develop until the disease has reached an advanced stage. Signs and symptoms of the most-common form of pancreatic cancer may include yellow skin, abdominal or back pain, unexplained weight loss, light-colored stools, dark urine, and loss of appetite. These are generally less aggressive than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. About 1–2% of cases of pancreatic cancer are neuroendocrine tumors, which arise from the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. Several other types of cancer, which collectively represent the majority of the non-adenocarcinomas, can also arise from these cells.
These adenocarcinomas start within the part of the pancreas that makes digestive enzymes. The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 90% of cases, and the term "pancreatic cancer" is sometimes used to refer only to that type. A number of types of pancreatic cancer are known. These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body. Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass.
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